# Michigan Scientific Europe > Michigan Scientific transducers, slip rings and telemetry for vehicle testing on the road and on the dyno. Michigan Scientific Corporation designs and builds slip rings and transducers in Michigan. Its products are in use on almost every continent. Product pages give the specifications of each model, its datasheet and drawings. Figures come from the manufacturer datasheets. Prices are given on request. ## Wheel force transducers - [Wheel force transducers: the range](https://www.michsci-europe.com/wheel-force-transducers): Six load components at the wheel center, measured while the vehicle is driven. LW series, 15.5 to 700 kN. - [Michigan Scientific LW series 15.5 to 700 kN](https://www.michsci-europe.com/lw-series): Three forces and three moments at the wheel center, in real driving conditions. ## Wheel torque transducers - [Wheel torque transducers: the range](https://www.michsci-europe.com/High-precision-wheel-torque-transducers): Drive and brake torque at the wheel, measured while the vehicle is driven. TW series, 237 N·m to 81 kN·m. - [Michigan Scientific TW series 237 N·m to 81 kN·m](https://www.michsci-europe.com/tw-series): Drive and brake torque at the wheel, measured while driving. ## Wheel instrumentation - [Wheel instrumentation: the range](https://www.michsci-europe.com/wheel-instrumentation): Slip ring, encoder and optical sensor packages mounted on the series wheel, for strain gage, thermocouple, wheel speed and side slip measurements. - [Michigan Scientific TrueSlip](https://www.michsci-europe.com/trueslip-trueslip-side-slip-sensor): Side slip angle measured optically, on a wheel or on the vehicle body, in any light. - [Michigan Scientific Wheel Instrumentation System](https://www.michsci-europe.com/wheel-instrumentation-system-wheel-instrumentation-for-strain-gage-and-thermocouple-measurements): Strain gage and thermocouple signals off a rotating wheel, on the vehicle's own wheel, on track or off-road. - [Michigan Scientific Wheel Pulse Transducer](https://www.michsci-europe.com/high-resolution-wheel-pulse-transducer-5000-ppr): Wheel speed, angular position and direction of rotation, read outboard of the wheel at up to 5 000 ppr. ## Slip ring assemblies - [Slip ring assemblies: the range](https://www.michsci-europe.com/instrumentation-slip-rings-for-sensors): End-of-shaft and tubular slip rings, 4 to 60 circuits, for strain gages, thermocouples and accelerometers on rotating parts. - [Michigan Scientific B-Series 4 to 8 circuits](https://www.michsci-europe.com/b-series): Signals from a shaft with no free end: the slip ring slides over it, open for the rig or sealed for the road. - [Michigan Scientific S-Series 4 to 10 circuits](https://www.michsci-europe.com/s-series-slip-ring-end-of-shaft-4-6-8-10-circuit-12000-rpm): Up to ten circuits off the end of a shaft, clean enough for low-level instrumentation signals. - [Michigan Scientific Short S-Series](https://www.michsci-europe.com/short-s-series-slip-ring-end-of-shaft-compact-4-to-10-circuits-12000-rpm): Up to ten circuits off the end of a shaft where there is very little room, at up to 12 000 rpm. - [Michigan Scientific SR/E60 Series](https://www.michsci-europe.com/sre60-series-end-of-shaft-slip-ring-4-to-10-circuits-encoder-6000-rpm): Sensor signals and shaft speed from one unit on the end of the shaft, up to 6 000 rpm. - [Michigan Scientific SR/ERT Series](https://www.michsci-europe.com/srert-series-modular-slip-ring-end-of-shaft-10-to-36-circuits-with-encoder): Up to 36 circuits plus speed, angle and direction of rotation, from one housing on the end of the shaft. - [Michigan Scientific SR/PE512 Series](https://www.michsci-europe.com/sr-pe512-series-slip-ring-assembly-0-to-10-circuits-precision-encoder): Sensor signals plus shaft speed, direction and angular position within 5 arc-minutes, from one unit on the shaft end. - [Michigan Scientific SR Series](https://www.michsci-europe.com/sr-series-robust-slip-ring-assembly-end-of-shaft-6-to-36-circuits): Up to 36 circuits off the end of a shaft, in a stainless steel case, clean enough for low-level instrumentation signals. - [Michigan Scientific SR20/75/W](https://www.michsci-europe.com/sr2075w-slip-ring-axial-20-circuits-miniature): Twenty circuits from inside a small bore, in a transmission shaft, an axle or a gear. - [Michigan Scientific SR45A-AXHS and SR60A-AXHS](https://www.michsci-europe.com/sr45a-axhs-sr60a-axhs-slip-ring-end-of-shaft-45-and-60-circuits): 45 or 60 sensor circuits off the end of one shaft, clean enough for low-level instrumentation signals. ## Wireless telemetry - [Wireless telemetry: the range](https://www.michsci-europe.com/telemetry): Clamp-on, split-collar and multi-channel telemetry for strain gages and thermocouples on rotating shafts. - [Michigan Scientific 540 Series](https://www.michsci-europe.com/540-series-one-channel-digital-telemetry-system): One to three strain gage or thermocouple channels from a rotating part, with a very small transmitter. - [Michigan Scientific CBT](https://www.michsci-europe.com/cbt-clamping-battery-telemetry-for-1-or-2-strain-gages-channels): One or two strain gage bridges off a rotating shaft, from a battery transmitter strapped around it. - [Michigan Scientific CBT-mini and micro](https://www.michsci-europe.com/cbt-mini-clamping-battery-telemetry-mini): One strain gage bridge off a rotating shaft, from a small battery transmitter strapped around it. - [Michigan Scientific CIT](https://www.michsci-europe.com/cit-clamping-induction-telemetry): Strain gage signals off a shaft of 25 mm or more, from a clamp-on transmitter powered by induction. - [Michigan Scientific M560](https://www.michsci-europe.com/m560-8-channel-digital-telemetry-system-for-thermocouple-or-strain-gages): One to eight strain gage bridges or thermocouples from a rotating part, all sampled together at 16 bits. - [Michigan Scientific Model T3](https://www.michsci-europe.com/model-t3-3-channel-end-of-shaft-induction-telemetry-system-strain-gages-or-thermocouples): Three strain gage or thermocouple channels off the end of a high-speed shaft, with no bearing and nothing to wear. - [Michigan Scientific Model T8](https://www.michsci-europe.com/model-t8-16-bit-8-channel-thermocouple-or-strain-gauge-telemetry-high-speed): Eight temperatures or strains off the end of a high-speed shaft, proven at 24 000 rpm. - [Michigan Scientific Series 320](https://www.michsci-europe.com/series-320-multi-channel-digital-telemetry-system): Up to three strain gage or thermocouple channels from a transmitter small and light enough for tight spaces. - [Michigan Scientific Series 460](https://www.michsci-europe.com/series-460-multi-channel-digital-telemetry-system): Strain gage bridges or thermocouples from a rotating part, with all channels sampled together at 16 bits. - [Michigan Scientific TEL-SC](https://www.michsci-europe.com/tel-sc-split-collar-telemetry-induction-system): Induction-powered telemetry in a split collar that goes on and off the shaft without taking the shaft ends apart. ## Signal conditioning - [Signal conditioning: the range](https://www.michsci-europe.com/signal-conditioning): Strain gage and thermocouple amplifiers for rotating parts, amplifier boxes for three-axis load cells, an encoder signal conditioner and a remote control unit. - [Michigan Scientific AMP-SG-M1](https://www.michsci-europe.com/amp-sg-m1-miniature-1-channel-strain-gage-amplifier-wired-connections): Amplify one strain gage bridge on the rotating part with a 14 g wired unit, before the signal reaches the slip ring. - [Michigan Scientific AMP-SG-MH](https://www.michsci-europe.com/amp-sg-mh-miniature-1-channel-strain-gage-amplifier): Amplify one strain gage bridge on the rotating part with an 11 g unit, before the signal reaches the slip ring. - [Michigan Scientific AMP-SG-U2](https://www.michsci-europe.com/amp-sg-u2-amp-sg2-u2-amp-sg3-u2-modular-spinning-1-to-3-channel-strain-gage-amplifier): Amplify one to three strain gage bridges on the rotor of an SR slip ring, before the signal crosses the rings. - [Michigan Scientific AMP-TC-M1](https://www.michsci-europe.com/amp-tc-m1-miniature-3-channel-thermocouple-amplifier): Amplify up to three thermocouples on the rotating part, before the signal crosses the slip ring. - [Michigan Scientific AMP-TCN-X2](https://www.michsci-europe.com/amp-tcn-x2-spinning-thermocouple-amplifier-1-to-9-channels-for-slip-rings): Amplify up to nine thermocouples on the rotor of an SR slip ring and get 10 mV per °C out. - [Michigan Scientific EC-LV](https://www.michsci-europe.com/ec-lv-encoder-signal-conditioner-amplifier-voltage-output-signal): Read rotation speed and angle as two analog voltages, straight from the encoder cable. - [Michigan Scientific MicroTC](https://www.michsci-europe.com/microtc-1-channel-type-k-thermocouple-linear-amplifier): Plug a Type K thermocouple straight into a 3.9 g unit and read a linear voltage of 5 mV/°C. - [Michigan Scientific MUX-BC-12](https://www.michsci-europe.com/mux-bc-12-12-channel-strain-gauge-amplifier-with-can-bus-interface): Twelve quarter-bridge strain gages go in, one CAN or CAN FD signal comes out. - [Michigan Scientific PS-AC](https://www.michsci-europe.com/ps-ac-remote-amplifier-control-unit): Power your spinning amplifiers and switch bridge excitation and shunt calibration from one unit. - [Michigan Scientific SGA12A](https://www.michsci-europe.com/sga12a-twelve-channel-strain-gage-amplifier-box-for-3d-load-cells): Excite and amplify up to four three-axis load cells from one box that carries its own power supply. - [Michigan Scientific SGA3A](https://www.michsci-europe.com/sga3a-three-channel-strain-gage-amplifier-box-for-3d-load-cells): Excite one three-axis load cell and bring its three bridges up to a ± 10 V DC signal. ## Fiber-optic systems - [Fiber-optic systems: the range](https://www.michsci-europe.com/fiber-optic-system): Analog, CAN and video links over fiber for EMC chambers and bulk current injection tests. - [Michigan Scientific FO-ALS and FO-SR-04](https://www.michsci-europe.com/fo-als-fo-sr-04-em-hardened-analog-light-transmitter-system): Changes in the brightness of a lamp or indicator during an EMC test, measured from 1 to 10 000 lx and sent out over fiber. - [Michigan Scientific FO-CAN and FO-CAN-R](https://www.michsci-europe.com/fo-can-fo-can-r-fiber-optic-systems-can-link): A CAN bus carried over fiber at up to 1 Mbit/s, to monitor or stimulate equipment during EMC tests. - [Michigan Scientific FO-HBAVT and HBAVR](https://www.michsci-europe.com/fo-hbavt-hbavr-fiber-optic-systems-analogvideo-link): A ±1 V analog or NTSC/PAL video signal carried over fiber, to or from the equipment under test. - [Michigan Scientific FO-HBST and HBSR](https://www.michsci-europe.com/fo-hbst-hbsr-fiber-optic-systems-1-mhz-analog-link): An analog voltage from DC to 1 MHz carried over fiber, to or from the device under test during EMC tests. - [Michigan Scientific FO-ST and FO-SR-04](https://www.michsci-europe.com/fo-st-fo-sr-04-fiber-optic-system-20khz-analog-tx): Two analog signals up to 20 kHz brought out of a high-field area or an anechoic chamber over fiber. ## Load cells - [Load cells: the range](https://www.michsci-europe.com/force-torque-transducers): Three-axis and six-axis load cells up to 444 kN, brake pedal force transducers, and torque transducers for the power take-off and the steering wheel. - [Michigan Scientific BPFT 2 200 N](https://www.michsci-europe.com/brake-pedal-force-sensor): The force the driver puts on the pedal, read the same wherever the foot presses. - [Michigan Scientific CT500 series](https://www.michsci-europe.com/ct500-high-dynamic-3-axis-load-cell-for-crash-barrier): Impact forces in three directions, from 124 mm cells that assemble into a crash barrier panel. - [Michigan Scientific Model HBT](https://www.michsci-europe.com/model-hbt-steering-torque-and-angle-measurement-system-for-motorcycles-handlebar): Steering torque and steering angle on a motorcycle or ATV, with the handlebars working as usual. - [Michigan Scientific PTO ± 5 000 N·m](https://www.michsci-europe.com/pto-torque-transducer): Torque and speed at the power take-off, between the tractor and the implement, with nothing to modify. - [Michigan Scientific SW-SR2 100 to 300 N·m](https://www.michsci-europe.com/steering-torque-transducers): Steering torque and angle in real driving, with the steering wheel still doing its job. - [Michigan Scientific TF Series](https://www.michsci-europe.com/tf-series-high-performance-dynamic-torque-meter-with-flanges-for-test-bench-100-nm-to-50-knm): Torque in a rotating shaft line, from 100 N·m to 50 kN·m, with no contact between rotor and stator. - [Michigan Scientific TR3D 1.1 to 444 kN](https://www.michsci-europe.com/tr3d): Forces in three perpendicular directions from one compact body, in the field or on the bench. - [Michigan Scientific TR6D-C 71 to 178 kN](https://www.michsci-europe.com/tr6d-c-40k-6-axis-load-cell-square-178-kn-95knm-fatigue-rated): Three forces and three moments from one square body, in the field or on the bench. - [Michigan Scientific TR6D-F 22 and 45 kN](https://www.michsci-europe.com/tr6d-f-5k-low-profile-rugged-6-axis-force-sensor-fatigue-rated): Three forces and three moments from a body 26 or 40 mm high, where there is little room. ## Other products ## Types of test - [Durability testing](https://www.michsci-europe.com/durability-testing): Road load data at the wheel and on the parts, recorded on the proving ground, to size components and drive the rig. - [Vehicle dynamics](https://www.michsci-europe.com/vehicle-dynamics-testing): Tire forces, side slip angle, steering torque and angle, and wheel speed, recorded during handling maneuvers. - [Powertrain and transmission](https://www.michsci-europe.com/powertrain-testing): Half-shaft, propshaft and crankshaft torque, and temperatures on rotating parts, on the road and on the dyno. - [Component testing](https://www.michsci-europe.com/component-testing): Forces on suspension links, mounts, seats, hitches and pedals, measured on the part itself in its production position. - [Brake testing](https://www.michsci-europe.com/brake-testing): Disc and hub temperatures, brake torque, wheel forces and pedal force, measured while the vehicle brakes. - [Crash and impact](https://www.michsci-europe.com/nvh-testing): Impact forces on the barrier and on the seat mountings, measured in three directions. - [Test rigs and dynos](https://www.michsci-europe.com/test-rigs-and-dynos): Rotating signals in cells full of EMI and high voltage. - [Off-road](https://www.michsci-europe.com/off-highway-and-agricultural-testing): Wheel and axle loads, PTO torque and power, and hitch forces on trucks, tractors, tracked vehicles and machines. ## Applications - [Accessory belt pulley torque measurement on an engine](https://www.michsci-europe.com/accessory-belt-pulley-torque): Accessory belt pulley torque is measured with strain gages on the rotating pulley and an end-of-shaft slip ring that carries the signal to the recorder. - [Measuring wheel forces and PTO torque on a tractor](https://www.michsci-europe.com/testing-solutions-for-agriculture): Tractor wheel forces, wheel torque and PTO power are measured with standard transducers. Clutches, gearboxes and pulleys are strain gaged for the test. - [Wheel encoder for dead reckoning and mobile mapping](https://www.michsci-europe.com/autonomous-vehicle-tracking): A wheel-mounted optical encoder counts wheel rotation to give the distance traveled, for dead reckoning and mobile mapping where the GNSS signal is lost. - [Measuring half-shaft and axle torque on the vehicle](https://www.michsci-europe.com/axle-torque-measurements): Half-shaft and axle torque is measured by strain gaging the production shaft. A slip ring or telemetry brings the signal off the spinning shaft. - [Ball joint force measurement with strain gages](https://www.michsci-europe.com/ball-joint-force): Ball joint forces are measured by applying strain gages to the production ball joint. It becomes a transducer for vertical, lateral and longitudinal force. - [EV battery temperature measurement with thermocouples](https://www.michsci-europe.com/battery-thermal-management): EV battery and motor temperatures are measured on the vehicle with thermocouples and a connector with a built-in amplifier that outputs 5 mV/°C. - [Brake disc temperature measurement while driving](https://www.michsci-europe.com/brake-disc-temperature): Thermocouples on the brake disc and hub are read while driving, through a slip ring or a telemetry package bolted to the vehicle's own wheel. - [Measuring brake drag and tire rolling resistance on road](https://www.michsci-europe.com/brake-drag-and-rolling-resistance): Brake drag and tire rolling resistance are measured on the road with a high-resolution wheel torque transducer that resolves 0.14 N·m at the wheel. - [Brake pedal force measurement during a vehicle test](https://www.michsci-europe.com/brake-pedal-force): Brake pedal force is measured with a strain gage transducer clamped on the series pedal. It reads up to 2 200 N, on center or off center. - [Combine harvester gearbox torque and power loss measurement](https://www.michsci-europe.com/combine-harvester-gearbox): Gearbox torque on a combine harvester is measured by strain gaging its pulleys and gears. With speed and temperature, it shows where power is lost. - [Where load cells are placed on a crane rope and hook](https://www.michsci-europe.com/crane-load-monitoring): Crane loads are measured with load cells above the hook, in the hook block, below the hook and at the rope dead end, so that no part is overloaded. - [Crankshaft torque measurement on a running engine](https://www.michsci-europe.com/crankshaft): Crankshaft torque, bending and fillet strain are measured with strain gages on the production shaft. A slip ring or telemetry brings the signals out. - [Crash barrier load cell wall for impact force](https://www.michsci-europe.com/crash-barrier-loads): The force of an impact on a crash barrier is measured by a wall of three-axis load cells. Each 124 mm cell reads up to 500 kN on the impact axis and 125 kN across it. - [Prop shaft torque measurement with a tubular slip ring](https://www.michsci-europe.com/drive-shaft-measurements): A through-bore tubular slip ring mounts on a drive shaft with no free end and takes torque, strain and temperature signals off it on the road. - [Measuring payload, release and landing loads on a drone](https://www.michsci-europe.com/drone-payload-and-landing-loads): Strain gages and custom or three-axis load cells measure the forces in a drone's payload brackets, release mechanism and landing gear, to prevent cracked brackets, failed releases and bent gear. - [Wheel load measurement for vehicle durability testing](https://www.michsci-europe.com/durability-campaigns): Wheel forces, moments and accelerations are recorded with a wheel force transducer on proving grounds, public roads and off-road for durability testing. - [Fiber-optic signal monitoring during BCI and EMC tests](https://www.michsci-europe.com/emc-bci): During BCI and EMC tests, the signals of the equipment under test are converted to light and carried over fiber, so the field does not corrupt them. - [Converting encoder pulses to analog voltage for a DAQ](https://www.michsci-europe.com/encoder-pulses-to-analog): Encoder pulses are converted to analog voltage by an in-line conditioner. It gives ± 10 V DC for speed and 0 to 10 V DC for angle, with no extra supply. - [Engine mount force measurement with a 3-axis load cell](https://www.michsci-europe.com/engine-mount-loads): Engine mount forces are measured with a three-axis load cell in an adapter that replaces the production mount and keeps the powertrain in its position. - [Measuring EV drivetrain torque and efficiency by stage](https://www.michsci-europe.com/ev-powertrain-torque): EV drivetrain efficiency is found by measuring torque at each stage, on strain gaged production shafts and at the wheel, and comparing the stages. - [Electric motor rotor temperature measurement by slip ring](https://www.michsci-europe.com/ev-temperature): Temperatures on the rotating parts of an EV motor are measured with thermocouples wired to amplifiers in the rotor of an end-of-shaft slip ring. - [Measuring strain on rotating fan and turbine blades](https://www.michsci-europe.com/fan-and-turbine): Blade strain and temperature are measured with gages and thermocouples on the rotor, wired to a 45 or 60 circuit slip ring or sent by telemetry. - [Gigabit Ethernet through a slip ring at 900 rpm](https://www.michsci-europe.com/gigabit-ethernet-slip-ring): Gigabit Ethernet passes through an SR36M slip ring spinning at 900 rpm: a large file was transferred at 111 MB/s with no drop-out and no error. - [Wheel torque measurement on an in-wheel motor vehicle](https://www.michsci-europe.com/in-wheel-motor-torque): On a vehicle with in-wheel motors there is no drive shaft to gage. Torque is measured with a wheel torque transducer between the tire and the hub. - [Measuring strain on a rotating part in limited space](https://www.michsci-europe.com/limited-space-measurements): Where space is short, a Short S-Series slip ring with a strain gage or thermocouple amplifier built into its rotor takes the signal off the rotating part. - [Measuring net forces and moments with four load cells](https://www.michsci-europe.com/load-platform): Four TR3D three-axis load cells in an array, or the LP-3030 load platform, give twelve outputs from which the net forces and moments are calculated. - [Measuring wheel rotation and distance at near-zero speed](https://www.michsci-europe.com/low-speed-wheel-rotation): At near-zero speed, a loose stator restraint adds error to wheel encoder data. A case study compares two restraints in stop and go and hard stop tests. - [How to measure MacPherson strut force on a vehicle](https://www.michsci-europe.com/macpherson-strut-force): MacPherson strut force is measured with a clamp-on transducer in place of the bottom bracket, or with shear pins in place of the two knuckle bolts. - [Force and temperature measurement on medical equipment](https://www.michsci-europe.com/medical-equipment): Load cells measure IV bag weight, patient lift loads and prosthesis reaction forces. Thermocouple amplifiers reduce noise on temperature signals. - [Motorcycle handlebar steering torque measurement](https://www.michsci-europe.com/motorcycle-handlebar-torque): Motorcycle steering torque is measured with a transducer that replaces the handlebar clamps. It reads torque up to 135 N·m and steering angle over ± 180°. - [Pintle hitch force measurement in real towing](https://www.michsci-europe.com/measuring-forces-on-a-pintle-hitch): The longitudinal, lateral and vertical forces at a pintle hitch ring are measured in real towing with a three-axis load cell mounted behind the ring. - [Measuring tractor PTO torque, speed and power in the field](https://www.michsci-europe.com/power-take-off-torque-measurement): PTO torque and speed are measured with a transducer splined between tractor and implement, with no change to either. Together they give the power. - [Using wheel force transducers with a road simulator](https://www.michsci-europe.com/road-simulators): Wheel force transducers record the six wheel loads on the road, then give feedback to the road simulator controls and verify that the rig reproduces them. - [Measuring forces on a robot arm or a prosthetic foot](https://www.michsci-europe.com/robotics-and-prosthetics): A miniature three-axis load cell of 25 × 25 × 13 mm, or a six-axis load cell, measures the forces on a robot arm, an end effector or a prosthetic foot. - [Thermocouple temperature measurement on rotating parts](https://www.michsci-europe.com/temperature-measurement-on-rotating-components-using-precision-slip-rings): Thermocouples fixed to a crankshaft bearing, a compressor or a brake rotor are wired to an end-of-shaft slip ring that carries the signal to the recorder. - [Measuring seat mounting forces while driving and in a crash](https://www.michsci-europe.com/seat-force-measurements): Three-axis load cells bolted between the seat and its mountings measure the longitudinal, lateral and vertical forces while driving and in a crash test. - [Side slip angle measurement on a test vehicle](https://www.michsci-europe.com/side-slip-angle): Side slip angle is measured on a test vehicle with a non-contact optical sensor on a wheel or on the body. It outputs the angle and two velocities on CAN. - [Measuring steering wheel torque and angle on a vehicle](https://www.michsci-europe.com/steering-torque-and-angle): Steering torque and angle are measured with a transducer that mounts to the original steering wheel or replaces it on the splined steering shaft. - [Measuring suspension component forces on the vehicle](https://www.michsci-europe.com/suspension-loads): Forces in tie rods, ball joints, links, struts, dampers and springs are measured by strain gaging the production part or fitting a semi-custom transducer. - [Measuring tie rod axial force during steering](https://www.michsci-europe.com/tie-rod-end-transducer-for-measuring-axial-forces): The axial force in a tie rod is measured with a strain gaged tie rod end transducer that replaces the production end, with no vehicle modification. - [Measuring tire-road friction coefficient with load cells](https://www.michsci-europe.com/tire-road-friction): The tire-road friction coefficient is measured on a traction test fixture with three-axis load cells at the axle and beneath the test surface. - [Measuring road wheel and idler forces on tracked vehicles](https://www.michsci-europe.com/tracked-vehicles): Wheel force transducers on the road wheels and the idler of a tracked vehicle measure three forces and three moments while the vehicle is driven. - [Truck solid axle torque measurement by deep-bore gaging](https://www.michsci-europe.com/truck-axle-torque): Torque on a truck solid axle is measured with strain gages applied inside a bore drilled through the axle shaft. The signal leaves at the wheel. - [Measuring wheel forces during braking and cornering](https://www.michsci-europe.com/wheel-force-transducers-for-vehicle-dynamics): A wheel force transducer on each wheel measures three forces and three moments, with wheel speed and position, during braking, lane change and cornering. - [Measuring driveline power losses from engine to wheel](https://www.michsci-europe.com/vehicle-efficiency): Torque and speed are measured at the engine output, the transmission output, the axle and the wheel, to locate the power lost in each driveline stage. - [Measuring wheel forces and moments for road load data](https://www.michsci-europe.com/force-and-torque-measurement-at-the-wheel): A wheel force transducer replaces the wheel center and records three forces and three moments at each wheel while the vehicle is driven on the road. - [Wheel force transducer mass and its effect on loads](https://www.michsci-europe.com/wheel-mass-and-adapters): A wheel force transducer assembly heavier than the production wheel may lower the peak loads of a durability test. Lighter adapters reduce the gap. - [Measuring wheel speed and distance with a wheel encoder](https://www.michsci-europe.com/using-wheel-pulse-transducers-dmi-for-mobile-mapping): Wheel speed, vehicle speed and distance traveled are measured with an optical encoder mounted on the lug nuts, read as pulses or as analog voltages. - [Wind turbine blade and gearbox strain measurement](https://www.michsci-europe.com/wind-turbine-strain): Wind turbine blade and gearbox strain is measured with strain gages on the rotating parts, wired to a 45 or 60 circuit slip ring on the shaft end. - [Measuring wheel forces and tire slip on snow and ice](https://www.michsci-europe.com/winter-testing): Wheel force transducers measure the forces, the moments and the speed of each wheel on snow and ice, and show the moment a tire starts to slip. ## Services - [Calibration of load cells, wheel force and torque transducers](https://www.michsci-europe.com/Calibration-for-force-torque-wft-displacement-sensors): Accredited calibration of strain gauge load cells and transducers, 1 to 6 axes, from Michigan Scientific or nearly any other manufacturer. ISO/IEC 17025:2017, traceable to NIST, typically back in 1 to 2 weeks. - [Custom slip ring assemblies, designed to your application](https://www.michsci-europe.com/customized-slip-ring-based-signal-transmission): Slip ring assemblies designed to your signals, speed and available space, for test rigs, production equipment and vehicles. - [Engineering design and precision manufacturing](https://www.michsci-europe.com/engineering-and-manufacturing): Design, finite element analysis, software, printed circuit design and CNC machining at Michigan Scientific: the means behind its transducers, slip rings and custom projects. - [On-site demonstration of measurement systems](https://www.michsci-europe.com/demo-request): Evaluate a Michigan Scientific measurement system on your own application, in your own test environment, with our technical team. - [Rental of wheel force transducers and measurement systems](https://www.michsci-europe.com/measurement-systems-rental): Wheel force and wheel torque transducers, clamp-on telemetry and multi-axis load cells to rent as complete systems, with electronics, cabling, software and support. - [Return and repair of transducers and slip rings](https://www.michsci-europe.com/repair): Inspection, verification and repair of the Michigan Scientific sensors and measurement systems we supplied, to keep them in service for the long term. - [Strain gauge application services](https://www.michsci-europe.com/strain-gauge-services): Michigan Scientific applies strain gauges to components and structures, in its workshop or at your site, and supports data acquisition, processing, analysis and reporting. - [Technical support for Michigan Scientific instrumentation](https://www.michsci-europe.com/technical-support): Technical support: an application engineer answers within 24 hours, a loan unit can keep a stopped test running, and every request is tracked by serial number. - [Vehicle instrumentation and road load data acquisition](https://www.michsci-europe.com/vehicle-instrumentation): Full instrumentation of a vehicle and road load data acquisition (RLDA) by Michigan Scientific, on public roads, proving grounds and simulators, from a few days to several years. - [Custom transducers](https://www.michsci-europe.com/custom-transducers): Your own part, strain gaged and calibrated. ## Guides - [Choosing a thermocouple amplifier](https://www.michsci-europe.com/choosing-a-thermocouple-amplifier): Why a thermocouple signal is amplified next to the sensor, and how to choose the amplifier: mounting, channel count, thermocouple type, input range and accuracy. - [Choosing a wheel force transducer](https://www.michsci-europe.com/choosing-a-wheel-force-transducer): Five questions, in the order we ask them, and the model they usually point to: peak load, rim and hub, signal path, duration, calibration. - [Designing rim and hub adapters for a wheel force transducer](https://www.michsci-europe.com/designing-wheel-force-transducer-adapters): What can and cannot change when you design the rim and hub adapters of a wheel force transducer: materials, critical dimensions, clearances, SAE J328 verification and weight reduction. - [Distance and speed from wheel encoders](https://www.michsci-europe.com/distance-and-speed-from-wheel-encoders): How accurate is the distance measured with wheel encoders, why two encoders beat one, where the error comes from at low speed, and how to record the pulses as an analog voltage. - [Measuring a total load with strain gage transducers in parallel](https://www.michsci-europe.com/paralleling-strain-gage-transducers): What happens to sensitivity and shunt calibration when two or more strain gage transducers are wired in parallel to measure a total load, and the error when their sensitivities differ. - [Platform forces and moments from four three-axis load cells](https://www.michsci-europe.com/platform-loads-from-four-load-cells): The equations that give the three net forces and three net moments on a platform from the readings of four three-axis load cells placed between the platform and the ground. - [Multi-axis load cells: what they measure and where they are used](https://www.michsci-europe.com/six-axis-load-cells): What a transducer is, how a strain gauge load cell turns a force into a signal, and what three-axis and six-axis load cells measure. - [Instrumentation slip rings: the basics](https://www.michsci-europe.com/slip-ring-basics): What an instrumentation slip ring does, the two kinds, the sensors it connects, and when an amplifier is needed on the rotating side. - [Slip ring or telemetry for rotating shaft torque](https://www.michsci-europe.com/slip-ring-or-telemetry): Slip ring or wireless telemetry to bring strain gage and thermocouple signals off a rotating shaft: the criteria that decide and the series to pick. - [Reading a slip ring part number and choosing its connectors](https://www.michsci-europe.com/slip-ring-part-numbers-and-connectors): How the part number of an S or SR end-of-shaft slip ring is built, option by option, and the choices for connectors, sealing backshells, rubber boots and metal caps. - [Soldering thermocouple wires to a slip ring](https://www.michsci-europe.com/soldering-thermocouples): Which thermocouple alloys need a special flux, how to remove the oxide and tin the wire, and how to clean and check the joint when thermocouples are soldered to slip ring terminals. - [Stator restraint and angle correction on a wheel transducer](https://www.michsci-europe.com/stator-restraint-and-angle-correction): Why the stator of a wheel transducer must be held, how rod movement and steering corrupt the wheel angle, and how the precision restraint and the stator angle correction device remove each error. - [Strain gage circuits through a slip ring](https://www.michsci-europe.com/strain-gage-slip-ring-circuits): Which Wheatstone bridge configuration to use through a slip ring, the ring noise and crosstalk of each, and how many channels a slip ring carries with or without spinning amplifiers. - [Wheel force transducer amplifiers and smart sensors](https://www.michsci-europe.com/wheel-force-transducer-amplifiers): How the D2, D3 and D3X amplifiers of a wheel force transducer pair with the interface boxes, what the removable smart sensor stores, and how to fit a spare amplifier without recalibration. - [Setting up a wheel force transducer, from tire to first recording](https://www.michsci-europe.com/wheel-force-transducer-setup): The steps to fit, zero and configure a Michigan Scientific wheel force transducer with a CT2 interface box, and the equations to move the measurement origin afterwards. ## News - [HBT: torque and steering angle on motorcycles and ATVs](https://www.michsci-europe.com/hbt-system-for-measuring-torque-and-steering-angle-on-motorcycles-and-atvs): Analog and CAN 2.0 outputs, ±180° range, ±0.3° accuracy, 135 N·m, for handlebar testing and R&D. - [M560: 8-channel wireless telemetry for strain gages and thermocouples](https://www.michsci-europe.com/m560-8-channel-wireless-telemetry-for-strain-gauges-and-thermocouples): 16-bit simultaneous sampling, ±10 V, watertight housing, flexible power supply, for harsh environments. - [TW9.5: wheel torque for light vehicles, sealed to IP67](https://www.michsci-europe.com/wheel-torque-transducer-tw95-for-light-vehicles): TW9.5 wheel torque transducer for light vehicles: 5.4 kN·m, IP67, wheels of 10 inches and up, −40 °C to 125 °C. - [MUX-BC-12: 12-channel strain gage amplifier with CAN / CAN FD output](https://www.michsci-europe.com/mux-bc-12-conditionneur-12-voies-jauges-avec-interface-cancan-fd): Twelve quarter-bridge strain gage channels in, one CAN or CAN FD bus out, stackable to 48 channels, for rotating measurements. - [TF Series: flange-mounted torque transducers, 100 N·m to 50 kN·m](https://www.michsci-europe.com/flange-mounted-torque-sensors-tf-series): Torque, speed and position in a rotating shaft line, 100 N·m to 50 kN·m, wireless telemetry, no bearings, IP67. - [LW150: 6-axis wheel force transducer for class 8 trucks, 150 kN / 40 kN·m](https://www.michsci-europe.com/lw150-6-axis-wheel-force-transducer-150kn-40-knm): Three forces and three moments at the front axle of class 8 trucks, 150 kN radial, 75 kN lateral, 40 kN·m per axis, slip ring or telemetry. - [MicroTC: a smaller Type K thermocouple amplifier](https://www.michsci-europe.com/enhanced-design-for-microtc-thermocouple-amplifier): Redesigned MicroTC: 32 × 17.4 × 8.2 mm, 3.9 g, cold junction compensation, linear 5 mV/°C output, 2.35 kHz bandwidth. - [CBT-mini: battery-powered telemetry for one strain gage bridge](https://www.michsci-europe.com/battery-powered-telemetry-unit-for-vehicle-testing): A wireless, battery-powered strain gage transmitter that clamps to any shaft of 25 mm or more, with a 2.4 GHz digital link and up to 28 h of battery life. ## Company - [Company](https://www.michsci-europe.com/company/): Michigan Scientific Corporation designs and builds slip rings and transducers in Michigan. Its products are in use on almost every continent. - [Contact](https://www.michsci-europe.com/contact/): Quote requests and technical questions.